Mala beads are used for counting during the recitation of Buddha's name or mantras. They symbolize merit, Buddha nature, compassion, kindness, auspiciousness, completeness, and the heart of Buddha. Besides reminding practitioners not to commit bad deeds, they also serve as beautiful ornaments. Mala beads are essential tools for maintaining focus during meditation and prayer.
The Origin of Mala Beads
During Buddha's teachings at Vulture Peak, a small neighboring country was frequently invaded and plagued by epidemics. The distressed king sought Buddha's advice on alleviating the people's suffering. Buddha strung 108 wooden beads and instructed the king to recite the Buddha's name with each bead. After reciting 200,000 times, the king and his people found peace and stability. The king distributed mala beads among his subjects, leading to widespread devotion and national tranquility.
Originally, mala beads were used by the Indian king Vimalakirti, who sought Buddha’s guidance to dispel worries. Buddha advised using seeds from the Bodhi tree to make bead strings, emphasizing the recitation of Buddha’s name to achieve tranquility.
In Chinese records, the practice of using mala beads dates back to the Sui and Tang dynasties, with Master Daochuo promoting their use for reciting the Three Jewels. Mala beads are also referred to as “horse-rein ropes,” symbolizing the restraint of the mind’s wild tendencies. Practitioners use mala beads for focusing during the recitation of mantras or Buddha’s name, aiming to develop wisdom and concentration.
The mother bead, the largest bead in the string, symbolizes Amitabha’s infinite life and light. While mala beads are strung together, they can be separated, representing the breaking of attachments and the attainment of completeness.
The Number of Mala Beads
Mala beads typically have specific counts, each with unique meanings. Early monks used 30 beads for daily counting; 108 beads represent the 108 afflictions according to Buddhist texts. The six senses generate six types of afflictions, multiplied by past, present, and future, totaling 108.
Other common counts include 54 beads (ten faiths, ten dwellings, ten practices, ten dedications, ten grounds, and four virtuous roots), 42 beads (ten dwellings, ten practices, ten dedications, ten grounds, equal enlightenment, and wondrous enlightenment), 27 beads (18 learners and nine non-learners), and 21 beads (ten grounds, ten perfections, and Buddhahood).
Different texts mention various counts:
- 108 beads for supreme practice
- 54 beads for medium practice
- 27 beads for basic practice
- 21 beads for fundamental teachings
The most common count is 108 beads, symbolizing the aspiration to overcome the 108 afflictions.
Materials for Mala Beads
Mala beads come in various materials such as gold, silver, copper, crystal, coral, glass, and wood. Common types include Bodhi seeds, sandalwood, marble, coral, agate, jade, crystal, amber, and several others.
Texts list materials like:
- Seven kinds: gold, silver, copper, crystal, Bodhi seeds, and lotus seeds.
- Six kinds: Bodhi seeds, diamond seeds, pearls, lotus seeds, and precious materials.
- Ten kinds: fragrant wood, stones, copper, iron, crystal, pearls, lotus seeds, diamond seeds, and mixed materials.
Additional beads may include a mother bead (dharma bead), counter beads, and divider beads, used for counting repetitions.
Methods of Using Mala Beads
When using mala beads, spread them on the right hand with four fingers supporting the beads. Recite from the bead next to the mother bead, counting one bead per recitation or mantra. Upon reaching the mother bead, turn back without crossing it. Reciting with mala beads generates merit.
The Use of Different Materials:
- Crystal mala beads are considered the most meritorious.
- Fragrant wood, stones, and metals have varying levels of merit.
Specific Practices
In esoteric practices, special mala beads are used for rituals and are not mixed with daily-use beads. These are often made of crystal and have distinct regulations. For example, different fingers are used to hold the beads depending on the practice.
Wearing Mala Beads
Wearing mala beads has specific customs. Typically, only senior monks or those with ten years of ordination may wear them. Beads are worn in different ways depending on rank and function.
In conclusion, mala beads are essential tools for practice, aiding in focus and meditation. Their materials, counts, and use are steeped in symbolism, contributing to the spiritual path.